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| http://xkcd.com/852/ |
My first reaction when my colleague El Mole showed me the cartoon at the right was that 2 cm is way too significant a difference.
[Pause while you read the comic. Good, ain't it?]
The fundamental principle is correct. Because the linear speed of a point on the earth's surface is larger at the equator than at the poles, the "apparent weight" of a person, and thus the "apparent gravitational field g," will be smaller. In advanced mechanics classes, Newton's Second Law is formulated in the rotating reference frame of the earth, and the effective g is reduced by a centrifugal acceleration term equal to v2/r.
Why centrifugal and not centripetal? In an INERTIAL reference frame, acceleration in circular motion is toward the center, i.e. centripetal. "Inertial reference frame" means, in a sense, imagine that we observe the universe from a stationary camera placed above the rotating object. Then the net force on the object is continually changing direction so as to push the object toward the circle's center. However, if we instead observe the world from the eyes of the rotating object itself, then it seems like we are being pushed away from the center of the circle, i.e. in a centrifugal direction. And if we consider a person rotating at the equator, it makes sense to consider the rotating reference frame; it's more interesting and useful to figure out what the rotating person feels than to figure out what would be observed by a stationary flying saucer over the north pole..
But to have the earth's rotation make a difference of nearly an inch? An inch is significant in pole vaulting! The last time the pole vaulting world record was broken, it was by Ukrainian Sergey Bubka over a ten year stretch from 1984-1994. Each time he broke the previous record, he did so by just one or two centimeters. The question that the comic begs is, should someone aspire to break records, should he compete exclusively in Ecuador rather than in, say, London? Would the location make any difference at all?
I made my own order-of-magnitude estimate to check the comic.* The gravitational field due to earth, without reference to rotation, is about 10 m/s2. That term will be lessened by the "centrifugal" acceleration** v2/r.
First, find v. The radius of the earth is about 6000 km. Multiply by 2π to get the circumference at the equator to be about 40,000 km, which is 40 million m. We go around this circumference in 24 hrs = 80,000 s or so. This gives a speed in the neighborhood of 500 m/s.
The "centrifugal" acceleration is then (500 m/s)2/(6,000,000 m) = 0.04 m/s2. Compared to the gravitational g of 10 m/s2, the centrifugal term is, say, four tenths of a percent.
Now, in the absolutlely simplest model, we might consider a pole vaulter as running at a fast horizontal speed, then launching himself as a projectile with that same speed. The maximum vertical height the vaulter obtains is governed by vertical kinematics, with a known vertical launch velocity voy, final vertical velocity of zero, and acceleration of g downward. This max height can be shown to be voy2 / 2g. Point is, the maximum height depends inversely on the first power of g.
So now we reach the end of the story: what happens when we reduce g by a few tenths of a percent? We increase the pole vaulter's maximum height by a few tenths of a percent as well.
Bubka's record vault is 6.15 m. Increasing that jump by four tenths of a percent would increase his vault height by... a couple of centimeters. The comic is right.
In practice, could Bubka have just gone to Indonesia to add two centimeters to his record? Not exactly. Four tenths of a percent is the difference in the apparent g between the pole and the equator. If Bubka set his record at the 1994 Santa Claus's Merry Elves Invitational, then our analysis is sound. But the farthest north city I can envision holding a major international track meet is, say, Oslo, Norway, at 60 degrees north latitude. In Oslo, the effective g will be less than at the pole, but not an entire 0.4% less. Since the linear speed of someone rotating on the globe drops off from equator to pole as the cosine of the latitude***, in Oslo the effective g is reduced by only 0.1%.
The Oslo-Jakarta pole vault differential is more like 1.5 cm, not a full 2 cm. Close enough.
Having read all this, my question for you is, who is the more complete nerd? The xkcd author for carrying out this calculation and basing a comic strip on it, or me for checking the accuracy of the calculation?
GCJ
*This particular comic is generally quite good about its physics. In fact, I'd be far more comfortable asking the xkcd writers to check me than vice versa.
** xkcd can explain this better than I ever could: http://xkcd.com/123/
*** At the equator, cos (0) = 1, so his speed relative to Earth's center would be 500 m/s; at the pole, cos (90) = 0, so his speed is 0 m/s. In Oslo, his speed is 500 m/s cos (60), or half his speed at the equator, and by the calculation above, the correction to g is one-fourth of the correction at the equator.
Why centrifugal and not centripetal? In an INERTIAL reference frame, acceleration in circular motion is toward the center, i.e. centripetal. "Inertial reference frame" means, in a sense, imagine that we observe the universe from a stationary camera placed above the rotating object. Then the net force on the object is continually changing direction so as to push the object toward the circle's center. However, if we instead observe the world from the eyes of the rotating object itself, then it seems like we are being pushed away from the center of the circle, i.e. in a centrifugal direction. And if we consider a person rotating at the equator, it makes sense to consider the rotating reference frame; it's more interesting and useful to figure out what the rotating person feels than to figure out what would be observed by a stationary flying saucer over the north pole..
But to have the earth's rotation make a difference of nearly an inch? An inch is significant in pole vaulting! The last time the pole vaulting world record was broken, it was by Ukrainian Sergey Bubka over a ten year stretch from 1984-1994. Each time he broke the previous record, he did so by just one or two centimeters. The question that the comic begs is, should someone aspire to break records, should he compete exclusively in Ecuador rather than in, say, London? Would the location make any difference at all?
I made my own order-of-magnitude estimate to check the comic.* The gravitational field due to earth, without reference to rotation, is about 10 m/s2. That term will be lessened by the "centrifugal" acceleration** v2/r.
First, find v. The radius of the earth is about 6000 km. Multiply by 2π to get the circumference at the equator to be about 40,000 km, which is 40 million m. We go around this circumference in 24 hrs = 80,000 s or so. This gives a speed in the neighborhood of 500 m/s.
The "centrifugal" acceleration is then (500 m/s)2/(6,000,000 m) = 0.04 m/s2. Compared to the gravitational g of 10 m/s2, the centrifugal term is, say, four tenths of a percent.
Now, in the absolutlely simplest model, we might consider a pole vaulter as running at a fast horizontal speed, then launching himself as a projectile with that same speed. The maximum vertical height the vaulter obtains is governed by vertical kinematics, with a known vertical launch velocity voy, final vertical velocity of zero, and acceleration of g downward. This max height can be shown to be voy2 / 2g. Point is, the maximum height depends inversely on the first power of g.
So now we reach the end of the story: what happens when we reduce g by a few tenths of a percent? We increase the pole vaulter's maximum height by a few tenths of a percent as well.
Bubka's record vault is 6.15 m. Increasing that jump by four tenths of a percent would increase his vault height by... a couple of centimeters. The comic is right.
In practice, could Bubka have just gone to Indonesia to add two centimeters to his record? Not exactly. Four tenths of a percent is the difference in the apparent g between the pole and the equator. If Bubka set his record at the 1994 Santa Claus's Merry Elves Invitational, then our analysis is sound. But the farthest north city I can envision holding a major international track meet is, say, Oslo, Norway, at 60 degrees north latitude. In Oslo, the effective g will be less than at the pole, but not an entire 0.4% less. Since the linear speed of someone rotating on the globe drops off from equator to pole as the cosine of the latitude***, in Oslo the effective g is reduced by only 0.1%.
The Oslo-Jakarta pole vault differential is more like 1.5 cm, not a full 2 cm. Close enough.
Having read all this, my question for you is, who is the more complete nerd? The xkcd author for carrying out this calculation and basing a comic strip on it, or me for checking the accuracy of the calculation?
GCJ
*This particular comic is generally quite good about its physics. In fact, I'd be far more comfortable asking the xkcd writers to check me than vice versa.
** xkcd can explain this better than I ever could: http://xkcd.com/123/
*** At the equator, cos (0) = 1, so his speed relative to Earth's center would be 500 m/s; at the pole, cos (90) = 0, so his speed is 0 m/s. In Oslo, his speed is 500 m/s cos (60), or half his speed at the equator, and by the calculation above, the correction to g is one-fourth of the correction at the equator.
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